Introduction:
CD-ROM, which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, is a type of laser disc developed through a partnership between Philips and Sony. The CD-ROM is composed of a combination of Plexiglas and aluminum, with a thickness of 1.2mm. It features a diameter of 12 cm.
Meaning:
CD-ROMs have gained prominence as a medium for storing bibliographic information. The acronym CD-ROM originally referred to Compact Disc Read Only Memory, familiar to many information professionals who were acquainted with compact discs before the advent of CD-ROM technology.
Micro CDS/ISIS is an advanced software designed by UNESCO in 1985 to cater to the information storage and retrieval needs of institutions, particularly in developing countries. Its aim is to streamline information processing using cost-effective modern technologies. This software evolved from the mainframe version of CDS/ISIS from the late '60s.
The Computerized Documentation Service/
Integrated Set of Information Systems (CDS/ISIS)
The Computerized Documentation Service/Integrated Set of Information Systems (CDS/ISIS) is a comprehensive information storage and retrieval software framework that was first introduced in 1985. It was developed under the auspices of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. CDS/ISIS encompasses a generalized system for efficiently storing and retrieving diverse forms of information. Its initial release was in a DOS-based environment, with subsequent advancements leading to the distribution of a Windows version known as WINISIS. The latter iteration of WINISIS underwent preliminary testing in May 1995, followed by its official release in November 1998.
Scientific Management: The Legacy of Frederick W. Taylor (1850-1915)
Scientific management finds its essence deeply intertwined with the teachings and methodologies of Frederick W. Taylor. Throughout his lifetime, Taylor dedicated himself to enhancing production efficiency, not solely to reduce costs and amplify profits, but also to pave the way for improved wages through heightened worker productivity. Coined as "scientific management," this term encapsulates the principles and practices that emanated from the collaborative efforts of Taylor and his disciples, including Carl George Berth, Henry L. Gantt, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, among others. This paradigm is characterized by an unwavering dedication to efficiency and systematic approaches in management.
It is important to distinguish scientific management from management science, which involves the application of mathematical modeling in managerial decision-making and stands distinct from the foundational concepts of scientific management.
Certainly! Here's a concise summary of the three schools of management thought as you've described:
1. Introduction : Management refers to series of functions for the organisation and administration of various activities and people in the organisation. If we study the working of the existing organisations all over the world, some are highly successful; some are striving hard for success while some are unsuccessful. There are certain factors influencing their success. Mangers apply the principles of management which are universal in character. They plan, organize, integrate and inter–relate organizational activities and resources for the purpose of accomplishing the objectives.
Management is essential for all types of organisations and libraries are no exception. Management techniques in libraries have their origin in mid 1950’s. Prior to this, libraries had very limited financial resources and limited services. Now libraries exist in great variety. These vary in size, goals, structural pattern, financial resources, staff and many other characteristics. From management point of view, these very in management style, morale of the staff, environment for innovation etc. Now a variety of information and communication technologies are available as means to improve library services and operations.
Introduction
Information and knowledge drive society's development. Humans, known for their intelligence, gather information, turn it into knowledge, and use it to improve lives. Initially, knowledge was shared orally, but as it grew, people started writing it down. These written records became known as documents. As society progressed, knowledge expanded, leading to the rise of civilizations. Civilizations brought educational, political, and cultural organizations, boosting human intellectual activities. Printing technology marked a major milestone in preserving and sharing knowledge.
Amid these developments, the concept of a library emerged. Libraries became places to store and share knowledge, ensuring its transfer to future generations.
STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
The process of research invariably consists of three stages – the primary stage,
secondary stage and final stage. Each of these stages consist of several steps and
thus the any research process comprises the following steps:
i) Identifying and Formulating the Research Problem
ii) Defining the objectives
iii) Formulation of Hypotheses
iv) Literature Review
v) Research Design
vi) Sample Design
vii) Data Collection
viii) Analysis and Interpretation of Data
ix) Writing Research Report
x) Conclusions
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) was created in 1958 by the United States Navy and Booz-Allen & Hamilton. It's a statistical tool for project management that analyzes tasks in a project. PERT is used for time management, system analysis, and is an evolution of the Gantt chart. It consists of planning, scheduling, and controlling phases and provides estimates for optimistic, pessimistic, and likely timeframes.
CPM (Critical Path Method) stands for Critical Path Method and was developed in 1950 by Morgan R. Walker at Du Pont Company and James E. Kelley at Remington Rand. CPM is an algorithm used to schedule project activities, often paired with PERT. It visualizes the flow and sequence of activities and is valuable for scheduling in libraries and publication operations. PERT/CPM networks have two main components: activities (representing actions and resource consumption) depicted by arrows, and events (beginning and end points) represented by circles.
Management encompasses various definitions and applications, adapting to different contexts. It draws from verbs like organizing, controlling, handling, and executing for specific purposes. Its scope includes:
1. Occupational Group: A collective term for people engaged in managerial tasks and functions. This can refer to the entire group or individuals within it.
2. Individual Management Role: Pertains to an individual performing managerial functions or being part of a management-focused group.
3. Academic Discipline: An area of specialization that imparts knowledge and skills in management.
4. Process of Activities: Management involves a series of specific activities or functions, serving as a science and an art.
Management is a blend of science and art. Effective managers employ a scientific approach, establishing philosophies, principles, and practices for application. While it shares commonalities with social sciences like psychology and sociology, it's distinct. As an art, management is about executing organizational functions through people.
An ancient practice, management is essential wherever organized human activities exist. It is crucial for both goods-producing and service-performing tasks, across diverse private and public organizations, regardless of size. Management helps achieve organizational and personal goals, balancing conflicting objectives, and ensuring efficiency and effectiveness.
In broad terms, management involves collaborating with people to define, interpret, and attain organizational goals. This is achieved through functions like planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. It encompasses processes such as decision-making, problem-solving, and action-planning, all of which involve managing resources like human, financial, material, and time.
It's important to differentiate between management and administration. Management encompasses planning, initiating actions, and monitoring, serving as a policy-making and policy-control process. In contrast, administration centers on implementing policies, procedures, rules, and regulations set by management.
Management involves systematic functions for organizing and overseeing activities and staff within an organization, including libraries. Management techniques in libraries started around the mid-1950s and have grown as libraries expanded in size, resources, finances, and staff.
Efficient management improves effectiveness, quality, cost-efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction. Chief Librarians, especially in large academic or public libraries, require strong management skills. Specialized libraries with diverse document formats also apply scientific management principles.
Today, librarians face challenges due to competition and evolving technology. Therefore, effective management is crucial for libraries of all types and sizes, regardless of location.
ARPANET : Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
BITNET : Because It's Time NETwork
DARPA : Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
DNS: Domain Name Server
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP : HyperText Transport Protocol
IRC: Internet Relay Chat
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISP: Internet Service Provider 10 OSI Open Systems Interconnection
SMTP: Simple Mail Transport Protocol
TCP/IP :Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
URL: Uniform Resource Locator
GUI: Graphical user interface
Development of catalogue codes
1 British Museum Code (1841)
2 Charles C. Jewett Code (1852)
3 Rules for Dictionary Catalogue (1876)
4 The Prussian Instructions (1899)
5 Dziatizka Code (1886)
6 Anglo-American Code (1908)
7 Vatican Code (1931)
8 ALA Rules (1949)
9 Classified Catalogue Code, Ed 5 (1964)
10 AACR-1 (1967)
11 AACR-2 (1978)
12 AACR-2R (1988)
13 RDA (2003)
Source: Epg Patashala
National Library Day - 14th November
National Librarian's Day - 12th August
National Library Week - 14th-20th November
National Reading Day - 19th June
National Reading Month - 19th June 18th July
World Book & Copyright Day - 23rd April
International Literacy Day - 8th September
Book lovers day - 9th August
NISCAIR, New Delhi, was established on 30th September 2002 after the merger of NISCOM and INSDOC, both dedicated to the dissemination and documentation of S&T information. They were part of CSIR.
INSDOC, established in 1952, provided S&T information and documentation services, including abstracting, database development, translation, and human resource development. It hosted the National Science Library and the SAARC Documentation Centre. NISCOM, formerly PID, emerged in 1996, offering various information products, such as research and popular science journals, encyclopaedic publications, and books, catering to diverse audiences.
NISCAIR, a premier institute of CSIR, utilizes modern IT infrastructure to serve society. Its focus areas include knowledge networking, natural resource databases, science communication, popularization, and S&T information management. Activities are categorized as Information Products and Services, Information Resources, and Projects.
Mission: NISCAIR's mission: Custodian of knowledge, promoting science communication using appropriate tech.
The first issue of INB “Quarterly” brought out but central Reference Library, Calcutta, was released on 15th august 1958 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Since 1964, it has been published as monthly and cumulated every year. It works as a subordinate office of the ministry of culture GoI.
“B.S. Kesavan is called as Father of INB”
(First Librarian after Independent)
“INB comes under secondary sources”
Computerized INB Brought out in June 2000 using Libsys Software and GIST Technology
The Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) - 1991
UGC was launched in May 1991.located in Infocity, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Library Network(DELNET)- 1988
Old name : The Delhi Library Network
Established in 1988.
NISSAT took the initiative in setting up DELNET.
DELNET also provides CAS and SDI services, consultancy in library computerization, training and H.R.D.
The Biotechnology Information System (BTIS- NET) -1987
establish in 1987
India was the first country in the world to establish in 1987 a Biotechnology Information System (BTIS) network to create an infrastructure that enables it to harness biotechnology through the application of Bioinformatics. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has taken up this infrastructure development project and created a distributed network at a very low cost.
The Scientific and Industrial Research Network (SIRNET)-
automation of libraries,
develop standards;
creates union catalogues of serials, theses, books, monographs and non-book materials;
provide access to bibliographic information resources;
creates database of projects, institutions, specialists;
organizes training programmes, etc.
FORSA's objectives and activities: The Indian Digital Library in Engineering Science and Technology (INDEST) was established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India to give all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), and other institutions, such as NITs, ISM, IIMs, NITTTRs, etc. access to electronic resources.
Indian Digital Library in Engineering Science and Technology
(INDEST) headquarter is at IIT Delhi.
The National Knowledge Resource Consortium : (NKRC) was established in 2009. It is a network of libraries and information centres of 39 National Laboratories and institutes of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and 24 institutes of the Department of Science and Technology.
Education and library are the two faces of the same coin. One cannot exist without the other. Hence, an academic library is an integral part of any institution of formal education. It supports the teaching-learning process of the institution it is associated with. Academic library can be defined as "a library which is associated or attached with any educational institution to support its educational programmes".
The library collection is developed
depending upon the nature of the institution and its academic programmes. The
students, teachers, research scholars, administrative staff and other staff
members of the institution are the users of the academic library. The needs of
these users dominate the collection of an academic library. The number, qualities
and qualifications of the library staff of an academic library differ on the
basis of the type of academic library, its users and the services, it provides.
Objectives of Academic Library
The objectives of an, academic library
are to:
(i) serve the needs of the academic community;
(ii) collect and store all kinds of reading and reference material;
(iii) provide all kinds of
informational materials to support the curricular requirements of the
institution;
(iv) provide supporting materials for extra
curricular activities;
(v) provide reading rooms for users;
(vi) render lending service appropriate to students, teachers and researchers
(vii) provide an active reference and information service.
Types of Academic Library
Broadly, there are three types of
academic libraries. These are:
The school library is a library
attached to or associated with a school to support the education system of the
school. It caters to all the informational needs of the students, teachers and
staff of the school. In India, there are four levels of school: primary,
middle, secondary and senior secondary. The government and the agencies
responsible for developing and supporting school education in India, have a
policy that the school of all levels should be supported by a school library.
Because of this, even primary schools are being supported by a library to serve
the needs of its students, teachers and other staff members.
Objectives of School Library
The objectives of a school library are
to:
(i) support the education programmes of the school;
(ii) awaken and foster interest in reading books and create reading habits among students;
(iii) nurture good moral values and
principles in students to create refined and responsible citizens;
(iv) develop self-learning skills and
interest in using library for solving problems;
(v) provide information on further
study and vocation;
(vi) help teachers to improve their
teaching skills;
(vii) inculcate communication skills
through extra curricular activities like story telling, viewing and discussions
on audio-visual programmes, workshops, etc.
Functions of School Library
(i) Lending of books and other
materials;
(ii) Reading rooms with suitable
furniture and lighting;
(iii) Reference services;
(iv) Guidance, counselling and advisory services.
College Library
The library associated with college
caters to the informational needs of the college community- students, teachers,
staff of the college and alumnus. The library help in the expansion of
knowledge and satisfies the quest for knowledge.
(i) Junior college;
(ii) Degree college;
(iii) Postgraduate college;
(iv) Professional college and technical college.
Objectives of College Library
The objectives of the college library, of all categories of colleges, are to:
(ii) help in all the educational programmes of the college;
(iii) provide guidance to students for higher studies and self-learning; (iv) prepare the students for shouldering higher responsibilities in government departments, civic organizations, commercial establishments, business and industries, etc;
(v) prepare them for varied professions
like law, medicine, engineering, technology, etc;
(vi) train them to become more
enlightened, knowledgeable and responsible citizens; and
(vii) keep informed the teachers with
latest updates in their respective subject area.
Functions of College Library
The functions of a college library can be listed as:
(i) developing collection of textbooks, related books, books of general knowledge, reference materials and audio-visual materials to support educational and instructional programmes of the college;
(ii) procuring popular magazines,
newspapers and scholarly journals to support students and teachers in acquiring
deeper knowledge their subject area and general knowledge about their
surroundings;
(iii) making the library resources
accessible through proper classification, cataloguing and shelving;
(iv) providing physical facilities such as functional building, furniture, equipment, reading rooms, etc. ;
(v) preserving previous years' question papers to help the students in preparing for examinations and assessments;
(vi) developing collection of inspiratory materials like fiction, poetry, biographies, travel-books, etc.
(vii) organizing orientation programmes
for new students to make them aware of the facilities and resources available
in the library.
University Library
The university library is an integral part of a university. The academic programmes of a university covers a wide range of disciplines and subjects. The modern universities are offering a number of academic programmes which are multi-disciplinary in nature. Apart from the academic programmes, scholars of the universities undertake research projects for acquiring degrees such as PHd, DLit, etc., as well as for the discovery and invention of new theories, principles and technology for the sake of society or for solving the problems of the society. Hence, a library becomes an essential component of the university to support its academic and research activities.
Because of the responsibilities a
university library shoulders, it is considered the heart of a university,
around which teaching and research revolves. According to the Association of
University Teachers, "the prime function of the university library is to
provide facilities for study and research for the members of its own
institution".
Objectives of a University Library
The objectives of a university library are to:
(i) provide facilities for all teaching, learning, educational, and research
programmes of the university;
(ii) satisfy informational needs of the students, teachers and researchers of
the university;
(iii) inspire the teachers and researchers of the university to undertake
research works for generating new knowledge to improve the quality of life of
the people;
(iv) provide latest knowledge to the teachers in their area of teaching and
research; and
(v) conserve knowledge and ideas for posterity.
Functions of a University Library
The major functions of the university library to fulfil its objectives are to:
(i) develop collections on a wide range of subjects for learning, teaching,
research, publication, etc.;
(ii) organize and store the library collection with proper classification,
cataloguing, shelving, etc to make the collection easily accessible to the
users;
(iii) acquire materials such as books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, and
others sources of information to provide latest information and knowledge on
the concerned subjects;
(iv) provide reference, information and documentation services to the
university community to keep them up-to-date in their area of study and
research;
(v) keep pace with the development in the library management system and
application of new technologies to provide better library services to the
users.