Introduction:
CD-ROM, which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, is a type of laser disc developed through a partnership between Philips and Sony. The CD-ROM is composed of a combination of Plexiglas and aluminum, with a thickness of 1.2mm. It features a diameter of 12 cm.
Meaning:
CD-ROMs have gained prominence as a medium for storing bibliographic information. The acronym CD-ROM originally referred to Compact Disc Read Only Memory, familiar to many information professionals who were acquainted with compact discs before the advent of CD-ROM technology.
Micro CDS/ISIS is an advanced software designed by UNESCO in 1985 to cater to the information storage and retrieval needs of institutions, particularly in developing countries. Its aim is to streamline information processing using cost-effective modern technologies. This software evolved from the mainframe version of CDS/ISIS from the late '60s.
The Computerized Documentation Service/
Integrated Set of Information Systems (CDS/ISIS)
The Computerized Documentation Service/Integrated Set of Information Systems (CDS/ISIS) is a comprehensive information storage and retrieval software framework that was first introduced in 1985. It was developed under the auspices of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. CDS/ISIS encompasses a generalized system for efficiently storing and retrieving diverse forms of information. Its initial release was in a DOS-based environment, with subsequent advancements leading to the distribution of a Windows version known as WINISIS. The latter iteration of WINISIS underwent preliminary testing in May 1995, followed by its official release in November 1998.
Scientific Management: The Legacy of Frederick W. Taylor (1850-1915)
Scientific management finds its essence deeply intertwined with the teachings and methodologies of Frederick W. Taylor. Throughout his lifetime, Taylor dedicated himself to enhancing production efficiency, not solely to reduce costs and amplify profits, but also to pave the way for improved wages through heightened worker productivity. Coined as "scientific management," this term encapsulates the principles and practices that emanated from the collaborative efforts of Taylor and his disciples, including Carl George Berth, Henry L. Gantt, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, among others. This paradigm is characterized by an unwavering dedication to efficiency and systematic approaches in management.
It is important to distinguish scientific management from management science, which involves the application of mathematical modeling in managerial decision-making and stands distinct from the foundational concepts of scientific management.
Certainly! Here's a concise summary of the three schools of management thought as you've described:
1. Introduction : Management refers to series of functions for the organisation and administration of various activities and people in the organisation. If we study the working of the existing organisations all over the world, some are highly successful; some are striving hard for success while some are unsuccessful. There are certain factors influencing their success. Mangers apply the principles of management which are universal in character. They plan, organize, integrate and inter–relate organizational activities and resources for the purpose of accomplishing the objectives.
Management is essential for all types of organisations and libraries are no exception. Management techniques in libraries have their origin in mid 1950’s. Prior to this, libraries had very limited financial resources and limited services. Now libraries exist in great variety. These vary in size, goals, structural pattern, financial resources, staff and many other characteristics. From management point of view, these very in management style, morale of the staff, environment for innovation etc. Now a variety of information and communication technologies are available as means to improve library services and operations.
Introduction
Information and knowledge drive society's development. Humans, known for their intelligence, gather information, turn it into knowledge, and use it to improve lives. Initially, knowledge was shared orally, but as it grew, people started writing it down. These written records became known as documents. As society progressed, knowledge expanded, leading to the rise of civilizations. Civilizations brought educational, political, and cultural organizations, boosting human intellectual activities. Printing technology marked a major milestone in preserving and sharing knowledge.
Amid these developments, the concept of a library emerged. Libraries became places to store and share knowledge, ensuring its transfer to future generations.
STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
The process of research invariably consists of three stages – the primary stage,
secondary stage and final stage. Each of these stages consist of several steps and
thus the any research process comprises the following steps:
i) Identifying and Formulating the Research Problem
ii) Defining the objectives
iii) Formulation of Hypotheses
iv) Literature Review
v) Research Design
vi) Sample Design
vii) Data Collection
viii) Analysis and Interpretation of Data
ix) Writing Research Report
x) Conclusions
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) was created in 1958 by the United States Navy and Booz-Allen & Hamilton. It's a statistical tool for project management that analyzes tasks in a project. PERT is used for time management, system analysis, and is an evolution of the Gantt chart. It consists of planning, scheduling, and controlling phases and provides estimates for optimistic, pessimistic, and likely timeframes.
CPM (Critical Path Method) stands for Critical Path Method and was developed in 1950 by Morgan R. Walker at Du Pont Company and James E. Kelley at Remington Rand. CPM is an algorithm used to schedule project activities, often paired with PERT. It visualizes the flow and sequence of activities and is valuable for scheduling in libraries and publication operations. PERT/CPM networks have two main components: activities (representing actions and resource consumption) depicted by arrows, and events (beginning and end points) represented by circles.
Management encompasses various definitions and applications, adapting to different contexts. It draws from verbs like organizing, controlling, handling, and executing for specific purposes. Its scope includes:
1. Occupational Group: A collective term for people engaged in managerial tasks and functions. This can refer to the entire group or individuals within it.
2. Individual Management Role: Pertains to an individual performing managerial functions or being part of a management-focused group.
3. Academic Discipline: An area of specialization that imparts knowledge and skills in management.
4. Process of Activities: Management involves a series of specific activities or functions, serving as a science and an art.
Management is a blend of science and art. Effective managers employ a scientific approach, establishing philosophies, principles, and practices for application. While it shares commonalities with social sciences like psychology and sociology, it's distinct. As an art, management is about executing organizational functions through people.
An ancient practice, management is essential wherever organized human activities exist. It is crucial for both goods-producing and service-performing tasks, across diverse private and public organizations, regardless of size. Management helps achieve organizational and personal goals, balancing conflicting objectives, and ensuring efficiency and effectiveness.
In broad terms, management involves collaborating with people to define, interpret, and attain organizational goals. This is achieved through functions like planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. It encompasses processes such as decision-making, problem-solving, and action-planning, all of which involve managing resources like human, financial, material, and time.
It's important to differentiate between management and administration. Management encompasses planning, initiating actions, and monitoring, serving as a policy-making and policy-control process. In contrast, administration centers on implementing policies, procedures, rules, and regulations set by management.
Management involves systematic functions for organizing and overseeing activities and staff within an organization, including libraries. Management techniques in libraries started around the mid-1950s and have grown as libraries expanded in size, resources, finances, and staff.
Efficient management improves effectiveness, quality, cost-efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction. Chief Librarians, especially in large academic or public libraries, require strong management skills. Specialized libraries with diverse document formats also apply scientific management principles.
Today, librarians face challenges due to competition and evolving technology. Therefore, effective management is crucial for libraries of all types and sizes, regardless of location.